The short-term mechanisms and long-term impacts of even low-dosage transcranial stimulation are clinically unknown, and possibly unknowable in the near future. Indeed, the FDA withdrew its official guidance about so-called “limited output” specifications [36]. What constitutes “low-intensity” and “low-impact” (and so on) electromagnetic (EM) fields and forces, and what yields a “safe” dosage for neurons, brain areas, and the entire ...