[1] OECD “Neurotechnology Toolkit To support policymakers in implementing the OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology,” 2024.: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/emerging-technologies/neurotech-toolkit.pdf. [2] van Kesteren and Meeter, 2020 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7339924/ [3] Bikson, M., Esmaeilpour, Z., Adair, D., Kronberg, G., Tyler, W. J., Antal, A., Datta, A., Sabel, B. A., Nitsche, M. A., Loo, C., Edwards, D., Ekhtiari, H., Knotkova, H., Woods, A. J., Hampstead, …
Education: Additional Resources
Buckingham Shum, S. (2022). The UTS “EdTech Ethics” Deliberative Democracy Consultation: Rationale, Process and Outcomes. Connected Intelligence Centre, University of Technology Sydney, AUS. https://cic.uts.edu.au/projects/edtech-ethics León Declaration on European neurotechnology (2023): a human-focused and rights-oriented approach October 2023. An informal meeting will be held with all telecommunications and digital ministers from EU member states. https://spanish-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/media/o4rh53jr/le%C3%B3n-declaration.pdf Neurotechnology Report: https://www.perseus-strategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/FINAL-Consumer-Neurotechnology-Report-Neurorights-Foundation-March-2024-3.pdf Al-Emran, M., Al-Nuaimi, …
Education: Standards
The short-term mechanisms and long-term impacts of even low-dosage transcranial stimulation are clinically unknown, and possibly unknowable in the near future. Indeed, the FDA withdrew its official guidance about so-called “limited output” specifications [36]. What constitutes “low-intensity” and “low-impact” (and so on) electromagnetic (EM) fields and forces, and what yields a “safe” dosage for neurons, brain areas, and the entire ...
Education: Social and Cultural Issues
Devices that therapeutically aid users with cognitive and learning disabilities/differences should not be equally applied to a general population seeking learning advantages. It must not be assumed that therapies able to improve cognition for mental and cognitive disorders (such as executive control and working memory) would work similarly on nondisabled people linearly to improve their cognition above standard levels. Although …
Education: Legal Issues
The safety concerns and standards shared in other sections provide an initial foundation for legal protections. However, calls for stricter consumer protection laws must accompany the proliferation of neurotech devices. Special privacy laws must be promulgated to ensure “cognitive privacy” (Nita Farahany, 2012, 2023) [25] and educational autonomy. Raw brain data is uniquely sensitive, and an individual’s brain pattern may …
Education: Ethical Issues
Ethical Issues This section includes five key areas of ethical consideration: safety, risk, and well-being; authority, power (including nudging and/or coercion); justice and fairness; agency and identity; and surveillance and privacy. These five areas emerged through the development of the IEEE Brain Neuroethics Framework and capture the main dimensions of potential ethical issues with neurotechnology across the IEEE Brain neuroethics ...
Education: Categories of Neurotechnology
Categories of Neurotechnology A wide variety of brain biofeedback and brain stimulation techniques have been developed to date. For clarifications about stimulatory techniques and their labels, consult 2019 Bikson et al [3]’s Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Nomenclature. Various applications are able to induce affective, emotional, and mood adjustments in addition to devices attempting cognitive alterations. Devices used in educational context address …
Regulatory Landscape: Considerations and Examples
A key aspect of educational neurotechnologies is their potential interaction with the nervous system, including the human brain. Developers of educational neurotechnologies must, therefore, confront the deeply ethical nature that such intervention entails. Traditionally, regulatory agencies have focused primarily on the risks and safety of these technologies. However, the creation, development, and application of advanced educational neurotechnologies are likely to ...
Marketing Application Preamble
Marketing Preamble Marketing as a means to advertise products can already be found on house walls in Pompeii. As a field, marketing is generally part of business economics, and in many universities, it is established as an independent degree program as well. In general, marketing can be defined as the division of business activity that has the function to present …
Legal Preamble
Legal System Preamble Since ancient times, various tools have been used across different cultures in order to mete out justice—starting with infusions, poisons, and mystical foods, such as the interrogations using “truth drugs” and the trance state in oracles from Delphi to Tibet and Shamanic cultures. Efforts to understand criminal behavior, assess states of mind, and apply interventions to modify …
